Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Teaching Reading Essay

Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Teaching Reading - Essay Example In addition, the findings would be related in terms of their impact on classroom instruction by providing specific and supportive evidence for each theme or issue from the readings and from one’s personal experience, as required. The whole language approach emerged in the 1980s more as a philosophy than a mere teaching methodology. According to Todays-Learners (2010, par. 19), â€Å"reading should not be taught, but rather acquired through trial and error†. Promoters of this technique emphasize that students can substitute words with those that they commonly use as long as the idea remains the same. Correct spelling of words is not so much given priority for as long as the thoughts and concepts are appropriately ingrained (Todays-Learners, 2010, pars. 19 – 23). The modernist perspective has been discussed by Serafini (2003, par. 16) through a review of various scholars’ discourse on the subject; such as Street, De Castell & Luke, and Siegel & Fernandez, among others. This view contends that â€Å"reading is viewed as a cognitive, psychological process divorced from any of the forces that are inherent in social, political, or cultural institutions† (Serafini, 2003, par. 16) Children taught under this approach are given reading materials which are fluently read aloud and concurrently focusing on the main theme of the story or text. Teachers focus more on the diction and pronunciation of the texts as well as determining if the students are able to comprehend the main theme of the story. One of the more contemporary approaches associated with this perspective is the balanced or eclectic approach which utilized phonics and skills instruction into the teaching of reading. Stoicheva (1999) cited Cunningham and Hall (1998) describing â€Å"a balanced framework for literacy where instruction is divided equally between the four

Report on Packaging Industry Essay Example for Free

Report on Packaging Industry Essay All major industries create wealth but if there is one industry that plays a unique role by way of both creation of wealth through a wide range of manufacturing activities and also by way of preserving the wealth or value created by many, many other industries, it is packaging. Apart from the huge value addition and employment involved in these activities, packaging has served the Indian economy by helping preservation of the quality and lengthening the shelf life of innumerable products ranging from milk and biscuits, to drugs and medicines, processed and semi-processed foods, fruits and vegetables, edible oils, electronic goods etc. besides domestic appliances and industrial machinery and other hardware needing transportation. With water becoming a consumer product, polymer material-based bottles are becoming a universal presence. Packaging, as distinct from mere â€Å"packing†, plays it? s most visible and catalytic role in a modern economy with the widespread adoption of branding of products and development of consumer preferences. To the extent that any consumer product is packaged in a manner that meets the criteria of safety, convenience and attractiveness, it gains market share. In the aggregate, packaging as a sectoral activity boosts consumption and economic growth. Packaging, as distinct from mere â€Å"packing†, plays it? s most visible and catalytic role in a modern economy with the widespread adoption of branding of products and development of consumer preferences. To the extent that any consumer product is packaged in a manner that meets the criteria of safety, convenience and attractiveness, it gains market share. In the aggregate, packaging as a sectoral activity boosts consumption and economic growth. The packaging industry? s growth has led to greater specialization and sophistication from the point of view of health (in the case of packaged foods and medicines) and environment friendliness of packing material. The demands on the packaging industry are challenging, given the increasing environmental awareness among communities. The World Packaging Organization? s (WPO) slogan, â€Å"Better Quality of Life Through Better Packaging†, sumps up the important place that packaging occupies in a modern economy. To ensure that public appreciation of this role and the policy-makers? support to the industry are not diluted, attention should be paid to basic issues like collection, segregation and reuse of synthetic packaging material and observation of regulatory requirements.

Canada: A contemporary biligual country

Canada: A contemporary biligual country Canada is one of the few countries in the world that is bilingual and is trying to stay that way. The government and its people have tried to give both languages equal status, but hardships ensue. The countrys bilingualism has historical roots, but creates several problems in the society today. The first official government action to help support bilingualism was in 1867 with the British North America Act. This provided the use of English and French in the legislative and judicial branches of the government. It also made a provision for denominational schools, for the Protestant anglophones and Catholic francophones were harboring unrest between each other. The next step was the Manitoba Act in 1870, which made French the official language in Quebec and Manitoba, but left out the French-speaking populations of Ontario and New Brunswick. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries legislation restricted French language education in the country and virtually eliminated it in the provinces and outside of Quebec. This created major unrest between the anglophone and francophone communities and further bipolarized the issue. The unrest continued until 1963 when the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was established, whose official duty was to settle the language dis putes. The main recommendations were to offer public services in both languages in places where the minority language communities were large. Also, the Commission advocated that French become a language of work in the federal administration and that government documents should be provided in both languages. In 1969 the Official Languages Act was passed that became the cornerstone of institutional bilingualism. It stated that in Parliament and public service both languages had to be equally used. This also included all federal departments. In 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was passed which included further constitutional rights for both official languages. It also provided for the provinces and territories to set up schools for official language minorities. The Official Languages Act was passed again in 1988 when it was revised to include encouragement and financial aid to provincial governments from Ottawa. The success of bilingualism in the country depended largely on the provinces and how willing they were to implement these rules. In 1969 New Brunswick enacted its own Official Languages Act and became the first truly bilingual province. Ontario has been expanding its use of French in the local government where the majority of Franco-Ontarians live. Manitoba is moving to translate its statutes into French for the benefit of its francophone population. Quebec has recognized French as its official language since 1974. It is bilingual at the constitutional and federal level, but gives greater status to French at the provincial level[1].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 20th and 21st centuries have brought many changes to the bilingual policies in Canada. Legislation was passed to ensure official-language minority communities the rights to set-up and run their own schools and education programs. Also, the government has provided funds for second language instruction in both official languages in all the provinces and territories, giving large minority groups the chance to learn their official mother-tongue in schools. Another education program to support bilingualism is the French immersion program. This is provided for anglophone students mostly. The majority of classes the students take are taught in French starting from kindergarten or the first grade (early immersion) or junior high school (late immersion).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bilingualism has been the nest of much unrest between the anglophone and francophone communities for a long time. These two groups of peoples have a long history of struggle for territories and human rights. The anglophone community had always been in the majority and tended to dominate over the francophone community. This caused the French-speaking people to rebel against all English government policies and political ideas. Unfortunately there wasnt a very strong resistance because they lacked strong leaders and the Catholic Church in that area was not strong enough to unite the people. In the 1860s the francophone community started to gain strength by gathering to form a strong political party, the Conservative Party. This helped them gain grounds for social and cultural gains. When the province of Quebec was created they gained even greater strength. There the francophone community took steps to ensure that the English-speaking community would not be able to cr eate a British Canadian national state. Quebec and the central government clashed on all major political issues in the 20th century. This led to the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s. A strong nationalist movement swept through Quebec and helped reshape the francophone communities place in Canadas government. It was then that the idea of secession first rose. Although the government took steps to settle with Quebec over this issue and to better integrate French into the whole countrys federal system, this remains a highly controversial topic[2].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today several issues have risen in connection with the governments bilingual policy. Although Canada has two official languages, English and French, there are still struggles to implement the equal use of them within the country. This is primarily because of unequal use of the languages among the population. According to the 2006 census, 67% of the population claims English as its mother-tongue while only 21% claims French as their mother-tongue. The remaining 12% claims a third language to be their mother-tongue, suggesting a large community of immigrants within the country (this includes the Aboriginal languages. Even so, this census has shown Chinese to be the third largest language in Canada, reported by 3% of the population claiming it as their mother-tongue.) Both anglophone and francophone populations have decreased over a 10 year period, 2% for the former and 1.4% for the latter. Within Quebec the francophone population still has a majority, 82%. The anglo phone community is at about 10.6% in the province with the remaining 7.4% being immigrants[3].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These statistics create hardships for the government to uphold bilingual policies. Although politicians would like to enforce the idea of a common bilingual community, the reality looks more like the creation of two separate linguistic communities one based in Quebec, the other in the rest of Canada. While the first vision considers Canada as one country, the second sees the center of the Canadian heartland in Quebec. This latter is the main political drive of the politics of Quebec. The politicians of Quebec would like to create a unique French community within the province to uphold the rights and culture of the French-speaking community. This belief has its extreme version, the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois, who believe that Quebec should seek political independence from Canada to be able to wholly focus on the French language and culture. This idea of secession today is in peril. One reason is that the young generation of Quebec does not feel the prejudice of the ang lophone population and has reached equal status within Quebec. This has quenched the sense of anger that fueled this idea up until now. The second reason is that Montreal had been the hotbed for the separatists, but it has become very multiethnic and bilingual. The separatist political parties, the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois and the Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois, were beaten in elections showing a decline in interest in the question of secession. In all cases, the debate of the secession of Quebec is not yet over and is still a much talked about issue today[4].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another major issue that concerns bilingualism in Canada is not the governments policies but the realization of them. Since the beginning of the 20th century there has been an increase in French Canadian participation in public services. In the 1970s all public service positions were redefined as English-speaking, French-speaking or bilingual. This helped French Canadians find employment in public services because most of them were already bilingual[5]. However there are still problems with the use of the French language in the government. Not all of the Supreme Court judges actually know French and this caused a problem recently in a case where the lawyer was francophone and made all his arguments in French. The judges were listening through interpreters, a practice that has since been banned. An extremely heated debate has recently emerged over the question of whether Supreme Court Justices should be bilingual and how much bilingualism adds to their competence[6 ].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Canada is considered an officially bilingual country historically, there are several issues that cause heated debates within the society. Hopefully one day both official languages will have an equal status in the lives of all Canadians. Works Cited Bilingualism (n.d.) In The Canadian Encyclopedia online. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0000740 Francophone-Anglophone Relations (n.d.) In The Canadian Encyclopedia online. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0003025 The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census, Statistics Canada online http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census06/analysis/language/pdf/97-555-XIE2006001.pdf Quebec Separatism (n.d.) Globalsecurity.org; Military. Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/quebec.htm Makarenko, Jay (2007) Official Bilingualism in Canada: History and Debate. Retrieved fromv http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/official-bilingualism-canada-history-and-debates Tibbetts, Janice (2010, May 2) Merits of making Supreme Court bilingual could be lost in translation. Camwest News Service. Retrieved from http://www.canada.com/life/Merits+making+Supreme+Court+bilingual+could+lost+translation/2977805/story.html

Pepsi and Heineken Commercials: Promoting American Devotion and Compas

Pepsi and Heineken Commercials: Promoting American Devotion and Compassion Today’s commercials cloud the viewers’ brains with meaningless ritzy camera angles and beautiful models to divert viewers from the true meaning of the commercials. The advertisers just want consumers to spend all of their hard-earned money on their brand of products. The â€Å"Pepsi† and â€Å"Heineken† commercials are perfect examples of what Dave Barry is trying to point out in his essay, â€Å"Red, White and Beer.† He emphasizes that commercial advertisements need to make viewers think that by choosing their brands of products, viewers are helping out American society. As Rita Dove’s essay â€Å"Loose Ends† argues, people prefer this fantasy of television to the reality of their own lives. Because viewers prefer fantasy to reality, they become fixated on the fantasy, and according to Marie Winn in â€Å"Television Addiction,† this can ultimately lead to a serious addiction to television. But, one must admit that the cle ver tactics of the commercial advertisers are beyond compare. Who would have thought the half naked-blondes holding soda cans and American men refusing commitment would have caught viewers’ attention? Try to visualize a slim blonde at the ripe age of nineteen coming in closer and closer on the television screen. She’s wearing a tube top and hip hugger jeans with a belly ring that reads â€Å"Pepsi.† She slowly spins around, grabs a can of Pepsi and drinks it in slow motion while her diamond bracelet glistens in the lights. The music stops. She turns to the camera, smiles, winks at you, and tells you to go out and try a nice cool refreshing can of Pepsi Cola. The next commercial to come on shows a man sitting down on the couch with his girlfriend s... ...ics television advertisements. When such a significant line is blurred when do we draw it back on? Do we wait until we see the serious effects of this problem? When do we deem television addiction as serious? Advertisers want viewers to spend their hard-earned money on their brands. Therefore, they have devised elaborate commercials to lure consumers into their trap and once they have gotten their patronage, it is hard to say if they will ever let them go. So, watch out. Works Cited Barry, David. â€Å"Red, White and Beer† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert Muller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 519-521 Dove, Rita. â€Å"Loose Ends† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert Muller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 503-504 Winn, Marie. â€Å"Television Addiction† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert Muller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 505-507

Response to a Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

I grew interested in the play’s conflict, since it seems modern day typical. I, for one, enjoy watching love stories and dramas. This play, served just that purpose. Reading of the avenged lover’s, Hermia and Lysander, plan to run into the forest to marry seemed likely to be seen on a Wednesday night, 9:00PM, drama series. Which, I absolutely love! Then, the play takes a twist from reality. Helena acquires information related to Hermia and Lysander’s plan to marry, which provides her initiative to tell Demetrius. She intends on winning back the love of Demetrius. The two of them go out in search of the Lysander and Hermia, and find that they’ve all landed themselves in a forest filled with â€Å"fairies. † When introduced to the idea of fairies, I was a bit distraught. I was filled with enjoyment because the plot seemed so realistic! Discouraged from reading the play, I found myself wondering, what on earth could be the position of these fairies in the forest? Noticing that I was wondering about the fairies, made me realize that I actually was interested; otherwise I wouldn’t be thinking about it. What a premeditated man Shakespeare is! These fairies were passionate about disrupting the love affairs of surrounding humans. Ha! He just made it more interesting. By entrance into the fairy-infested woods, the romantic lives of these couples converted to very complicated. Oberon, the King, and Titania, the Queen of all the forest fairies lead and direct Puck, or Robin, as he achieves his mischievous tactics. Oberon, decided upon mismatching the lovers as a consequence for their disturbance. He refers Puck to the power of a magical, love-bringing flower. A flower that can literally teach someone to love, why can’t we have that in real life? Puck, being clumsily skillful, uses the magic against the wrong person! He played the magic trick on Lysander instead of Demetrius, the intended target. As a result, he falls in love with the first person he see’s after awakening, Helena. Trying to undo his mistake, Puck makes Demetrius fall in love with Helena as well. Hermia is now very upset. He created pure chaos, and just the way I like it. Firstly, I am not a fan of the comedy in this play. However, Shakespeare casually, yet competently, creates a mix of humor and love. The artisans are portrayed as foolish while imitating the play of â€Å"Pyramis and Thysby. They mock words in the play, for instance when Bottom says, â€Å"Thisbe, the flowers of odious savors sweet—,† Quince corrects him with, â€Å"Odors,† â€Å"odors. † â€Å"Odious† is another word for unpleasant, while â€Å"odors† pertains to the fragrant smell of â€Å"sweet† flowers. It makes me snicker at the th ought of messing up a line so simple and a word so ironic from it’s original. Yet it feels unrelated and sort of disconnects my thought from the play. I will however say, the thought of the Athenian’s head turning into that of an Ass is a bit amusing. I find that humor is necessary when writing works filled with such seriousness and drama, it just happens to be that I am not a fan. I found this play exciting and pleasantly full of drama. Shakespeare’s works of literature are all fabulous in many different ways through use of common themes such as love and dreams. The love of these couples was at first true, but then foolishly played around with. Hermia felt mocked by Lysander and Demetrius, a feeling that most females often feel when men act in this manner. She was accustomed to these men being in love with her, and then they suddenly were in love with Helena. By morning Puck is able to undo all the spells, making all well again. They engage in a group wedding, marrying Helena and Demetrius, and Lysander and Hermia. The end of the play involves the fairies sprinkling dust to protect these couples in the future. Puck also remains to ask for forgiveness and to remember the play as though it was all a dream. The theme of love and dreams combine in this play making it an excellent eye-opener. Sometimes, things must happen for all to go the way one pleases. I enjoyed this play from beginning to end because of its realistic encounters mixed with the ideas fantasy.

The Meaning of the Pseudonym Mark Twain

The Meaning of the Pseudonym Mark Twain Samuel Clemens used several pseudonyms  during his long writing career. The first was simply  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Josh,† and the second was â€Å"Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass.† But, the author wrote his best-known works, including such American classics as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, under the pen name Mark Twain. Both books center on the adventures of two boys, the namesakes for the novels, on the Mississippi  River. Not surprisingly, Clemens adopted his pen name from his experiences piloting steamboats up and down the Mississippi. Navigational Term Twain literally means two. As a riverboat pilot, Clemens would have heard the term, Mark Twain, which means two fathoms, on a regular basis. According to the UC Berkeley Library, Clemens first used this pseudonym  in 1863, when he was working as a newspaper reporter in Nevada, long after his riverboat days. Clemens became a riverboat cub, or trainee, in 1857. Two years later, he earned his full pilots license and began piloting the  steamboat  Alonzo Child  upriver from New Orleans in January 1861.  His piloting career was cut short when riverboat traffic ceased at the start of the Civil War that same year. Mark Twain means  the second mark on a line that measured depth, signifying two fathoms, or 12 feet, which was a safe depth for riverboats. The method of dropping a line to determine the waters depth was a way to read the river and avoid submerged rocks and reefs that could  tear the life out of the strongest vessel that ever floated, as Clemens wrote in his 1863 novel, Life on the Mississippi.   Why Twain Adopted the Name Clemens, himself, explained in Life on the Mississippi why he chose that particular moniker for his most famous novels. In this quote, he was referring to  Horace E. Bixby, the grizzled pilot who taught Clemens to navigate the river during his two-year training phase: The old gentleman was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them MARK TWAIN, and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; and thus far, they contained no poison. Twain lived far from the Mississippi (in Connecticut) when The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was published in 1876. But, that novel, as well as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published in 1884 in the United Kingdom and in 1885 in the United States, were so infused with images of the Mississipi River that it seems fitting that Clemens would use a pen name that so closely tied him to the river. As he navigated the rocky path of his literary career (he was beset with financial problems through much of his life), its fitting that he would choose a moniker that defined the very method riverboat captains used to safely navigate the sometimes treacherous waters of the mighty Mississippi.

Confounding Variables Essay Example

Confounding Variables Essay Example Confounding Variables Paper Confounding Variables Paper This bar chart shows participants recalled less amount of words (vertical axis) from List A in the same context (horizontal axis), compare to amount of words recalled in List B, different context. This rejects the directional hypothesis which stated participants would be able to recall more words in the same environment by using same context as retrieval cue to aid recall. Discussion The results show higher recall rate in different context; 12 words (mean number) recalled accurately from List B in a different context, compare to 11 words (mean number) recalled from List A in the same context. This refute the hypothesis which stated that the same context would help produce higher recall rate by acting as a context retrieval cue. This contradicts what is suggested from previous research conducted by Abernarthy. There are few factors that may distorted the results; One is varied participants characteristics; how alert the participants were that day, and different level of English skills among participants can greatly affect how well they were able to recall English words, therefore a true difference between means may not be evident. The classroom, being a natural setting for students, was used to conduct this experiment, to increase its ecological validity with strict control maintaining the variables, this contributes experimental validity. Nevertheless, the memorising task is an unnatural task, which decreases ecological validity. To counter this, it would be good idea to adopt an independent measures design because it reduces order of effect as participants only do one condition by having two different groups of participants to perform task in two different sets of location non-related to classroom without prior notice. The challenge would be that the study will have to be carried out without informed consent, instead of obtaining presumptive consent followed by debrief at the end. However, this could pose ethical issues which could also reduce its validity. Since all participants were psychology students who have studied cue dependent forgetting, they may establish demand characteristics where they were predisposed with expectations and anticipations. This could lead to participants making less effort in performing the task of recalling. To avoid this, non-psychology students should be used to increase the validity of results, as they would be less likely to exhibit demand characteristics. In this experiment, the null hypothesis is retained; the research concludes that there was insufficient evidence for a relationship between two variables. If the context retrieval cue of this experiment was truly ineffective, then the conclusion should deemed correct. However, in this case, experiment effectiveness is not evident due to insufficient sample size, therefore the conclusion may be erroneous, a Type II error: retaining the null hypothesis when it is not true. (Girden 2001) As the difference of magnitude and a relationship is anticipated, the difference must be detected through experimenting a large enough sample. (Girden 2001) Due to research constraints, an insufficient number of only 8 participants are tested, therefore not enough to reveal the effect of the independent variable because it is possible that participant variables pose distortion to results. This brings the issue mentioned earlier, varied participants characteristics; the participants were not categorized with the consideration of gender or any other criteria such as intelligence, age, or English level, so to eliminate participant variables a method of matched pairs could be used, although it is comparatively more time consuming and costly. A method of repeated measures have been used which involve repeating the experiment with the same group taking the recall test in the other place. However, this posed the problem of order effects where performance can deteriorate through the fatigue effect or improve through the practice effect. In this case, an improvement in recalling could be contributed by the practice effect expressed in List B as List B recall activity was done after List A. The method and design used in this study is simple, straightforward and replicable. The conditions in the two contexts include some uncontrollable variables such as temperature, lighting, and noise levels that reduce the replicability of this experiment. To solve this problem, researcher should carry out this experiment in a laboratory where most confounding variables become controllable and thus increase the replicability of experiment. The randomness of the list of words given in this experiment is another undesired confounding variable as the words have variety of characteristics among themselves, the complexity of words include being plural/singular (students seem to make more mistakes on forgetting a particular word being plural, which still counted as wrong even they remember the singular form), some words can be easily chunked due to their syllables and synonyms (aiding recall) Evaluation: Problems with generalising raised from using psychology students as subjects because they were predisposed with expectations and anticipations therefore are more able in recalling activity. Due to possibility of demand characteristics evident in this study and the bias in the opportunistic sampling, the results fail to provide sufficient evidence that context aids recall for the entire population.  Study shows that participants do not have to be in the same context at encoding and retrieval . Reference Nicky Hayes (2000). Foundation of Psychology. 3rd ed. London: Thomson. p84.

Feel the Beat essays

Feel the Beat essays Strobe lights flash to a pounding beat. The same beat brings hands flying through the sky and make bodies shake. A video screen plays a scene of a black and white swirl, rippling to the tempo of the music, bending the minds of all who stand still enough to watch. The scene is a rave, one of the many forms of live music that is enjoyed around the world by people of all ages. There is nothing more incredible than being in the moshpit of a Slayer concert, nearly fearing for the lives of the people involved, or watching the scene described above develop and go on for hours upon hours, the kids never getting tired. Live music is a fun and exciting way to release energy, and a great source of income for musicians, and because of that, there is more live music available to kids, especially here in the Bay Area, than ever before. By the time most people are in college, they have experienced some form of live music, some more than others. Some people make it their passion or by becoming involved in the performance of music, are at concerts all the time. There are concerts locally for as little as two dollars, and a recent two day festival in the Coachella Valley charged one-hundred and forty dollars to attend both days. Even more ridiculous was Sir Paul McCartney, who fetched four-hundred big ones for a less than decent seat on his recent stop in Oakland. If a person is content with a small scale performance, live music is available to anyone and everyone. The more outrageous ticket prices are in part due to the monopolization of the venues, ticketing companies, and advertising platforms. A company called Clear Channel, owned by Viacom Entertainment, owns a large number of Bay Area venues, Bay Area billboards, Bay Area radio stations, and works hand in hand with the two largest ticketing companies in th e area, Ticketmaster and Tickets.com. There are few ways around paying whatever Clear Channel asks for their ticke ...

Evalutale the policies governemets may adopt to overcome market Essay

Evalutale the policies governemets may adopt to overcome market failures arising from the production and consumption of demerit goods - Essay Example Consumption of alcohol by teenagers also makes their parents incur huge medical expenses when the teenagers get sick. Demerit goods can be over consumed in a free market (Kohls 2003, p. 54). It is important to note that a factor that may lead to individual overconsumption is the lower cost of production because the costs are shared with third parties. People also consume more goods compared to what the society produces due lack of regulations that may restrict them. Overconsumption can be reduced with government interventions. For instance, the government can intervene using the market-based approaches such as taxes and subsidies (Owen 2004, p. 128). It can also intervene through command and control strategies such as regulations. Awareness programs and persuasion can also be used to reduce overconsumption and overproduction. The government may impose taxes on demerit goods in order to internalize the externalities caused by the goods. It may impose the taxes indirectly on the organizations. For example, a firm that releases pollutants in a river may be taxed. The tax imposed on such firms should be equal to the external costs incurred by third parties. The external costs incurred by the third party may include medical bills resulting from taking the polluted water from the river. This means that the harms caused by the pollutants produced by the firm are the externalities (Kazi 2008, p. 410). In order to tax such firms effectively, the government should ensure that the taxes imposed on the firms are equal to the harm. The process will discourage them from producing the pollutants because the cost of production for the company will increase (Grant & Vidler 2003, p. 76). In addition, firms will be hindered from producing large quantities of goods that harm the health of individuals. This will in turn help in reducing the quantity of demerit goods produced by the taxed

Preventing School Bullying Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preventing School Bullying - Research Proposal Example The methodology of this study is based on 2 surveys conducted in 50 different high schools in the region. The study is applied to pupils between 6 and 10 grade and it is voluntary. The first survey is organized as a self-reported questions and answers, it is anonymous and tries to estimate the degree of bullying in the given school. The other survey concentrates on the desire of participants to name the reasons why they were bullied and the ways in which this was done. The collected data was statistically processed. The data collection process represented interviews with the pupils and classifications of their answers in the different categories. The study have found that bullies are predisposed to have positive attitude towards aggression, have negative attitudes towards school and education and have behaviour problems. On the bases of the collected data it was estimated that bullying takes two distinct phases - verbal and physical.

Mediums of painting, sculpture, or architecture Essay

Mediums of painting, sculpture, or architecture - Essay Example In today’s world there are many mediums for painting being used by an Artist. Some of the medium includes oil tempera, oil paints, gouache, pastels, water colors and acrylic. Acrylic paint has a quality that it takes little time to get dry and contains pigments which can easily be diluted with water. Pastels have three different forms, the hard, soft and pastel pencils. Amongst which, the soft pastels are widely used by artists because it has the pigments are at a higher portion but has less binder. Hard pastels contain high binding quality but with less pigments and pastel pencils are pencils which contain lead. Tempera is a medium which consists of colored pigments and allow greater precision for the artist. Water colors need water to show their true color and then become transparent. Therefore, other mediums are used with water colors in order to give special effect. As so rightly described by Nicolas Poussin that â€Å"Painting is the lover of beauty and the queen of the arts†, I am greatly attracted towards painting but the medium which I dearly like is Tempera. This is because the medium provides an artist with smooth matte finish and its history can be found in early Egyptian sarcophagi in which they use to decorate mummy portraits. In this medium egg is been used as a binding force which is mostly used in canvas or wood panels. Unlike paints, the color would not change when it dries up and it would not even grow transparent over time.The paper explores the relationship between an artist and a patron.

Organizational Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Diversity - Research Paper Example Eventually, they promote uniformity instead of diversity. The long - term achievement of any organization calls for a diverse group of talent that can convey fresh ideas, perceptions and views to their organization. The challenge that diversity postures, therefore, is enabling managers to exploit on the mixture of cultural backgrounds, ages, lifestyles and genders to react to business opportunities more promptly and creatively (Carter 6). Two main kinds of diversities can be noted in an organizational setting. They include surface level diversity and deep level diversity. The surface level diversities comprise of the differences which get easily noted such as age, race / ethnicity, disability, culture, language etc. They often get easy to measure, and managers and recruiters may fall in the wrong practice of discrimination on the basis of these factors. For instance thinking that age degrades performance, they may end up preferring younger recruits. Surface level diversity gets often impossible, if not difficult to change. For instance, racial disparity cannot be scaled down to zero (Carter 13). On the other hand, deep level diversity stands out as exceptionally hard to be noticed within an organization since they get communicated through verbal and non – verbal attributes. Examples include differences in attitude, personality, believe and values. Deep level diversity in an organization normally starts with identifying the underlying surface level diversities, and when individuals get to know one another they begin noticing the deep level individual differences hence tend to like or dislike. For instance, an individual belonging to a marginalized ethnic group may be handled differently by fellow comrades on the grounds that his / her differing language or culture. However, as the individual interacts more they get to discover his / her differing beliefs and values later on and seem to forget underlying surface level disparity (Carter 15). The

Italian Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Italian Renaissance Art - Essay Example The models given by early buildings and works performed by the art also stimulated the expansion of new imaginative techniques and the desire to re-build the forms and styles of classical art (Joost & Christiane, 47). The main development of Renaissance art was the emergence of the artist as a maker, required after, and appreciated for his erudition and imagination. Art became treasured not only as a medium for spiritual and communal didacticism, but also more as a mode of personal, illustration appearance. Even though the development of Italian Renaissance art was a nonstop progress, it is divided into three major phases: Early, High, and Late Renaissance. The last stage has been the focus in new existence of multifaceted interpretation that identifies many contending and complementary trends. Some scholars mark the start of the Italian Renaissance from Giotto di Bondone’s appearance, in the initial years of the 14th century, while others stare his abnormal success in naturalistic art as an remote occurrence (Campbell & Cole, 54). The major members of the first generation of Renaissance artists were Donatello in statue, Filippop Brunelleschi in structural design, and Masaccio in painting. They had common significant characteristics necessary to their philosophy, a faith in the hypothetical foundations of art and the confidence that growth and advancement were not only likely but important to the life and worth of the paintings. Ancient art was valued, not only as a stirring replica but also as a documentation of test and fault that could disclose the successes of former great artists. Intending to repeat the imaginative method, Early Renaissance artists required to make art forms reliable with the appearance of the normal world and with their knowledge of human personality and behavior. By the late 15th century, the innovation of the first volatile advances of Renaissance style had given way to a general receipt of such basic ideas as amount,

Research propsal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research propsal - Essay Example Diabetes Mellitus is an incurable chronic disease and is a debilitating health problem which is increasing worldwide. Extreme outcomes can leave the person disabled causing further strain on healthcare costs due to a high incidence of amputations requiring rehabilitation programs (Dunning, 2005) The purpose of this research proposal is to investigate the attitudes and experiences of the diabetic client and to establish which factors prevent effective foot care and compliance. Thus, enhancing the nurses’ understanding of the patients perceptions of the disease and what influences their lifestyles in order to meet compliance or non-compliance toward a holistically devised treatment plan as well as establishing client autonomy to implement effective foot care are the goals of this project(Greenwood, 2000). ‘Patients with diabetes are vulnerable to damage to their feet, and minor problems can deteriorate rapidly’ (Clapham, 1997, p. 851). The successful management of diabetes requires the adherence of a patient to a prescribed self-care plan. This often presents a challenge to health care professionals in order to ensure that the plan of care is implemented. The framework for this literature review is multilevel, moving from the global aspect of diabetic complications, to the more specific aspects of patient’s attitudes and experiences in relation to education and compliance, focusing on the foot care problems experienced by the diabetic client. As the topic of diabetes and lifestyle is reviewed, it is impossible to discuss the complications and implementation of foot care without including the major intervention of patient education. Gallichan (1997, p. 100) states, ‘Diabetic foot problems are usually preventable, through education, early intervention and treatment’. On review of the articles it

Organizational Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Diversity - Research Paper Example Eventually, they promote uniformity instead of diversity. The long - term achievement of any organization calls for a diverse group of talent that can convey fresh ideas, perceptions and views to their organization. The challenge that diversity postures, therefore, is enabling managers to exploit on the mixture of cultural backgrounds, ages, lifestyles and genders to react to business opportunities more promptly and creatively (Carter 6). Two main kinds of diversities can be noted in an organizational setting. They include surface level diversity and deep level diversity. The surface level diversities comprise of the differences which get easily noted such as age, race / ethnicity, disability, culture, language etc. They often get easy to measure, and managers and recruiters may fall in the wrong practice of discrimination on the basis of these factors. For instance thinking that age degrades performance, they may end up preferring younger recruits. Surface level diversity gets often impossible, if not difficult to change. For instance, racial disparity cannot be scaled down to zero (Carter 13). On the other hand, deep level diversity stands out as exceptionally hard to be noticed within an organization since they get communicated through verbal and non – verbal attributes. Examples include differences in attitude, personality, believe and values. Deep level diversity in an organization normally starts with identifying the underlying surface level diversities, and when individuals get to know one another they begin noticing the deep level individual differences hence tend to like or dislike. For instance, an individual belonging to a marginalized ethnic group may be handled differently by fellow comrades on the grounds that his / her differing language or culture. However, as the individual interacts more they get to discover his / her differing beliefs and values later on and seem to forget underlying surface level disparity (Carter 15). The

Research propsal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research propsal - Essay Example Diabetes Mellitus is an incurable chronic disease and is a debilitating health problem which is increasing worldwide. Extreme outcomes can leave the person disabled causing further strain on healthcare costs due to a high incidence of amputations requiring rehabilitation programs (Dunning, 2005) The purpose of this research proposal is to investigate the attitudes and experiences of the diabetic client and to establish which factors prevent effective foot care and compliance. Thus, enhancing the nurses’ understanding of the patients perceptions of the disease and what influences their lifestyles in order to meet compliance or non-compliance toward a holistically devised treatment plan as well as establishing client autonomy to implement effective foot care are the goals of this project(Greenwood, 2000). ‘Patients with diabetes are vulnerable to damage to their feet, and minor problems can deteriorate rapidly’ (Clapham, 1997, p. 851). The successful management of diabetes requires the adherence of a patient to a prescribed self-care plan. This often presents a challenge to health care professionals in order to ensure that the plan of care is implemented. The framework for this literature review is multilevel, moving from the global aspect of diabetic complications, to the more specific aspects of patient’s attitudes and experiences in relation to education and compliance, focusing on the foot care problems experienced by the diabetic client. As the topic of diabetes and lifestyle is reviewed, it is impossible to discuss the complications and implementation of foot care without including the major intervention of patient education. Gallichan (1997, p. 100) states, ‘Diabetic foot problems are usually preventable, through education, early intervention and treatment’. On review of the articles it

Essay Example for Free

Essay Introduction Catering services provided vary depending on the event and can include: cooking and delivering food to an outside location; cooking, delivering and serving food; and full-service (preparing food, providing service staff, decoration of event location, prep and clean-up). In some cases of full-service catering, the caterer is called an event managing company. When most people refer to a caterer, they are referring to an event caterer who serves food with waiting staff at dining tables or sets up a self-serve buffet. The food may be prepared on site, made completely at the event, or the caterer may choose to bring prepared food and put the finishing touches on once it arrives. The event caterer staffs are not responsible for preparing the food but often help set up the dining area. This service is typically provided at banquets, conventions, and weddings. Any event where all who attend are provided with food and drinks or sometimes only hors doeuvres is often called a catered event. Many events require working with an entire theme or color scheme. A catering company or specialist is expected to know how to prepare food and to make it attractive. As such, certain catering companies have moved toward a full-service business model commonly associated with event planners. They take charge of not only food preparation but also decorations, such as table settings and lighting. The trend is towards satisfying all the clients’ senses with food as a focal point. With the correct atmosphere, profes sional event caterers with experience can make an event special and memorable. Beautifully prepared food alone can appeal to the senses of taste, smell, and sight perhaps even touch, but the decorations and ambiance can play a significant part in a successfully catered event. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main problem of this study is to find out what is the most effective way of getting a good quality of food in a catering services. 1. What is the satisfaction of the guest in getting a good quality of food. 2. Are they satisfied for the price that they pay for the food. 3. Why customer choose catering services. This study is design to know the reasons of catering services in handling a good quality of food. OBJECTIVES * To find out how to increase the number of customer using these two types of reservation system. * To find out what is more effective way for catering reservation. Whether manual or computer reservation system Hypothesis Based on our research or study if catering services provide a good quality of food to the customer many people would choose the catering service on that catering business. To make sure that the food is delicious and well cooked and also the materials needed is available and well sanitize and the importance of the proper hygiene of the waiters and waitresses in giving food to the customer. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The research study mainly focuses on the reservation system on Villa Salud, Andatoria, Duo Stake house and wine bar for education, since the manager is not always and, the assistant manager and the operation manager is being. Responsible to manage all transactions happened on reservation system in the establishment. Aside from the manager and assistant operation manager, there are two personnel which are involved in this establishment. When the customers inquire for reservation, anyone of the personnel who is not busy will be the one to accept the customer’s inquiries for reservation process because they are having this multi-tasking role. The personnel will give the brochures for the services offered, the menu list for the customer’s order and the packages.. Then the personnel will also give the price list to the customers for them to refer. In reservation process, if the customer wishes to reserve, the personnel who is doing reservation process will be the one to give the reservation form paper. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study aim to develop a catering service for the good quality of food in respective catering services. Only authorized personnel will be allowed to serve food. 1. The Manager 2. The Waiter/The Waitresses TERMINOLOGIES Catering To provide a supply of food; to supply what is required for desire. Reservation Act of reserving something. Lucrative Producing wealth. Profitable Yielding advantageous returns or result. Purported Repeated alleged. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Gen. Ave

Comparing the suitability of food production systems

Comparing the suitability of food production systems Food and Beverage Operation Management Contents Task 1 Question Task 1 Answer Task 2 Question Task 2 Answer Task 3 Question Task 3 Answer Reference Task 1 Question 1.1) Discuss the characteristics of food production and food and beverage service system 1.4) Justify the suitability of systems for particular food and beverage outlets Task 1 Answer I have been assigned by the management to turn up with a better method in the kitchen to enable the hotel to produce good production in order to cater customer demand. I understand that the hotel currently adopting a conventional traditional production method in the main kitchen as they believe the food must be prepared by experts to maintain quality and the originality of the food itself. Conventional traditional production method is producing utilizing mainly fresh ingredients and traditional cooking methods (Foskett Paskins, 2011). In this system, the organization of the kitchen is based around the division of tasks into areas or groups of people performing analogous task which is highly in cost such as salaries and their equipment although it allows for specialization and development of a high level of skill, however it is labour intensive. Using conventional traditional convection method also means the production of the foods and beverages are masses and need to be similar or above the benchmarks which consume a lot of time to inspect the production and require more workers. In the traditional conventional system, they use the kitchen brigade where there can be many separate sections in the kitchen with staffs performing specific aspects of food production which is lead by the head chef. The method I have chosen which is superior to the conventional method is cook-chill method. Cook-chill method is food production storage and regeneration method utilising principle of low temperature control to preserve the qualities of processed foods. (Foskett Paskins, 2011) It is based on the normal preparation and cooking of food followed by rapid chilling storage in controlled low-temperature conditions above freezing point of 0-3 degree Celsius and subsequently reheating immediately before consumption which is done in the finishing kitchen. It is also used in volume catering such as hospital. In cook-chill system, they also use a traditional partie system which includes the head chef, deputy chef, chef de partie and cook but less staffs because cook-chill system does not use a large area and require minimum staff to work. The reason I chose Cook-chill systems because it requires low capital investment and minimum staff. Almost any food can be cook-chilled provided that the correct methods are used during the preparations. And the ingredients are already been prepared expect for the portioning unlike the traditional conventional method where they had to prepare everything from scratch for example they had to buy the meat fresh from the market or the supplier and send it to the section to cut the meats and preparing it for portioning. The purpose of using cook-chilled system is to prolong its storage life which is ideal since the hotel also caters for the Royal Brunei In-flight Catering. The advantages of using cook-chill system to the customer are it increased variety and selection, where there is a wide range of cuisine to choose from. It also improved the quality of the food because the standards are well maintained. The services can be maintained at all time regardless of staff absences because the foods are already prepared. Furthermore using cook-chill systems are less dependence on price fluctuation. The disadvantages of using cook-chill system are the textures and flavour may changes if the foods are not prepared carefully which can lead to customer dissatisfaction. When customers are not satisfied, they tend to spread the news that the hotel’s restaurant are not up to standard which lead to loss of customers. The service I have chosen for the hotel is American service. American service is portions of food are plated in the kitchen and served to each guest by waiter or waitress. The advantages of using American service are it is fast and simple and also inexpensive because it require less staffs to served the guest. Lastly using American service does not require staff to be highly trained technical staff hence less cost. The disadvantages of using American service are there is less showmanship which means the presentations are not beyond the customers expectation compared to silver service or English service. Finally using American service reduces personalized attention. This is because there is less staff to attend the customer which may affect the satisfaction of the customer. I am going to compare the seven stages in food and beverages between the traditional conventional system and the cook-chill system. Task 2 Question 1.2) Discuss factors affecting recipes and menus for specific system Task 2 Answer As the manager of the food and beverage for The Empire hotel and Country Club and as the supplier for the Royal Brunei In flight catering, I have to discuss the factors affecting recipes and menus for the food and beverage system. The first factor is about the type of menu choose for the in flight catering. There are two types of menu which are ala carte and table d’hote. Table d’hote is a full course meal that offers a limited choice within each course and served at a fixed price (Free Dictionary, n.d). Most airlines use table d’hote because it offers limited menus and use both in the business class and economy class. The prices are fixed which is easier for the airlines to calculate their cost and include it in the ticket bills. Meals that are included in the table d’hote are appetizer such as salad, main course and desert. Ala carte is where the dishes are listed separately and individually priced (A la Carte, n.d). It is not recommendable for airlines to utilize because it is inconvenient and maybe hard for the customers to pay because they may change their money currency to other and maybe it is insufficient. The best meal for in flight would be poultry because chicken is easy to prepare in a healthy way by grilling, roasting, sauteing, poaching, stir-frying and baking. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, we should be eating lean sources of protein, including chicken. However chicken are likely contaminated with Salmonella. Salmonella is a bacterium that occurs mainly in the gut of the poultry which causes food poisoning (Foskett Paskins, 2011). But we make sure it doesn’t happen by checking with our supplier and make sure that our supplier has a certificate that shows they can legally and certified from the government to operate. Healthy eating has become a trend nowadays as according to a study conduct by Nielsen (2015). The percentage of adults around the world is overweight with an increase of 30% over the past 30 years while children are 47%. According to statistic World Health Organization, WHO, shown that 1.6 billion adult are facing overweight and 400 million people are obesity. This is serious problem to the people in the world. Due to this problem, consumers from around the world are starting to become more health conscious. Therefore we will modify the food into more healthier such as using less oil, grilling and using olive oil instead of palm oil. Different people have different needs. Some people have different outcome when consuming food or beverages. The dangerous thing is when they have food allergy which may be fatal if consume. Apart from that, the individual consumer need such as those with special diets for example; consumers with high cholesterol will need low a cholesterol meal while vegetarians will be offered a vegan meal. Other examples are gluten free meal, non lactose meal, low sodium meal, bland meal, high fiber meal, low protein meal, children and infant’s meal (Royal Brunei Airlines, n.d.). That is why individual customer needs special diets such as no sugar or no peanuts. The customers should tell the staffs or in their booking reservation that they need special dietary to ensure that they will receive exceptional meals with special dietary. In accordance to Islamic law, any Islamic airlines are not allowed to serve pork or alcohol unless it is requested by the consumers. But since the Empire Hotel and Country Club Brunei’s restaurant has Halal certification, we will not serve any pork or alcohol. Task 3 Question 1.3) Compare the cost and staffing implications for different systems Task 3 Answer Before I present my proposal to the management, I will make as any changes will incur cost, therefore I will compare the cost and staffing implication for each system which is the traditional conventional method and cook-chill method. From the table above, cook-chilled has proven to be better than traditional conventional method. From the cost associated with products, in conventional method, the ingredients have to bought daily and they need to prepare the ingredient right after it arrives unlike the cook-chill, ingredients are already been cut from the supplier and ready to be chilled to ensure its quality are not degraded which save a lot of time and energy of the staff. Also the finished product of the conventional method cannot last long unlike the cook-chill method where the product can last at least 5 days (Foskett Paskins, 2011). Although the machinery for cook-chill are expensive but for long term investment it is worth because there are less staff needed to operate in the kitchen which means it is easier to handle the kitchen. In addition, there are lesser equipments needed because most of the ingredients are already been prepared (James, 2012). And lastly, only few staffs needed for cook-chill which means fewer salaries to pay to the employee unlike the conventional method where they need more staff to operate in different part of the kitchen and it is hard to keep track of their well being and the work time in the conventional method is longer because they have to prepare the ingredients from scratch (Royal Brunei Airlines, n.d.). Therefore the method I have chosen is better than the hotel current method because it is effective and more efficient working environment to the hotel. Reference BusinessDictionary.com,. What Is American Service? Definition And Meaning. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. Culinarylore.com,. What Is The Kitchen Brigade? Culinarylore.Com. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. Hotelambassador.co.uk,. Table Dhote Menu // Wine Dine @ Theambassador Hotel Llandudno. N.p., 2015. Web. 28 Apr. 2015. Singh, Hemant. AMERICAN SERVICE ~ FOOD BEVERAGE.Fnbclasses.blogspot.com. N.p., 2010. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. TheFreeDictionary.com,. Family Style. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. Yourdictionary.com,. Saucier Dictionary Definition | Saucier Defined. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. table dhote. (n.d.)Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged. (1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003). Retrieved April 23 2015 fromhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/table+d%27hote a la carte. (n.d.)Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged. (1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003). Retrieved April 23 2015 fromhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/a+la+carte Eat, We. Reports | We Are What We Eat | Nielsen.Nielsen.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. Flyroyalbrunei.com,. Inflight Meals Royal Brunei Airlines Australia. N.p., 2015. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. Yourdictionary.com,. Saucier Dictionary Definition | Saucier Defined. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. Laksamana College of Business

The Merchant Of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When William Shakespear wrote, The merchant Of Venice, he made a female character that has a huge influence on the play. In most of his work, the women don’t have much power and are not very smart. In the Merchant Of Venice, Portia is a woman that saves the life of a man using her head. Another woman created by Shakespear that is a lot alike with Portia is Beatrice, from Much Ado about Nothing. Both of these ladies add to the main theme of the plays because of their brains, and smart remarks, as well as being careing. The Women share many qualities as well as differences. Portia seems to Be one of Shakespear’s greatest Characters Because of her great looks and intelligence her high moral seriousness plays a role in her character as well. Portia is known throughout the world because of her amazing qualities. She seems to be able to handle any situation with her wit. In Most of Shakespear’s plays the women are made to be less then the men. In the Fourth act after Portia has saved the life of Antonio, She uses her wit just as Beatrice would she says, â€Å" I see sir, you are liberal in offers. You taught me first to beg...† . Portia is thought of as an angel having no flaws, which you can tell when Bassanio describes her to Antonio and says, â€Å" In Belmont is a lady richly left, and she is fair and fairer the that word, of wonderous virtues. Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth, For the four winds blow in from every coast, renowned suitors , and her sunny locks hang hang on her temples like a golden fleece, which makes her seat of Belmont Colchis’ strond and many Jasons come in quest of her.† Portia is basically the perfect renaissance lady. She is not ambitious, she is restrictive . She is way modest, She does not hold herself above others. Her generosity makes her want to have more wealth, so that she can help out more amongst the people she cares about. Besides saving the life of Antonio, portia is also used to have the theme of deceptive appearances. Throughout the play, Shakespear uses his characters from the play to show the audience or reader that a character cannot be judged by how the appear to the eye, and the person can truley be something different inside. So basically what it is saying is

Sugar :: essays research papers

Clarke 1 Sweet Foods And Peoples Moods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Probably some of the most pleasurable and enjoyable memories of a person has to do with sweets. When thinking back to birthdays, there is always the memory of the wonderful cake that mother beautifully made and decorated with frosting and glazes. A typical night out with dad can be transformed into a magical evening with a trip to the ice cream parlor. The end of a fantastic Thanksgiving dinner turns heavenly when a hot apple pie is brought to the table and topped with delicious, melting vanilla ice cream. A good wedding is never complete without the cutting of the splendid multi-level wedding cake, when the happy new couple gets to playfully shove and smear cake and white frosting into each other’s smiling faces. Everyone knows that as a child, the only good part about going to the dentist is getting the candy bar at the end of the visit. Why do some people get sick after eating too much suger? Some people do not even know that the abuse of sugar can lead to negative effects on your body. There is something strangely enjoyable and resplendent about the consumption of sugar. Why is it that sugar is so deliciously enjoyable and at the same time a food product that has many negative affects on people’s health? For years doctors have been saying that refined sugars are empty calories and consist of absolutely no vitamins or minerals that people need to survive. Dentists warn that sugary foods encourage tooth decay. Many people avoid sweet food because it can lead to obesity, heart problems, diabetes and cancer. These negative responses by people’s bodies are actually warnings. Maybe people eat sugar for other reasons than the sweet taste. The human body's negative responses to sugar may be a similar purpose to the reason kids feel pain when they are playing too roughly. People’s consumption of sweet foods might also serve as a sign of defiance against their bodies’ health limitations. What many people do not realize is that their tasty treats can affect their mind and emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many parents may be surprised when they realize how sugar can affect their children. All parents want their kids to be well behaved and do well in school. To encourage their kids to behave themselves in school and get good grades, parents often reward their children with sweets such as candy, a special trip to the ice cream parlor, or any other store full of great treats to motivate the young children to keep up the good work.

Marketing and Strategy †Organic Food Essay

One of the most significant forces in changing consumer needs that current marketers face are the ever increasing environmental issues that people are becoming aware of. Consumers are interested in how goods are produced,especially in the food market where there is the increasing issue of labour exploitation and genetic modification. This has gained a lot of momentum in recent years with the growth of the Organic sector and ? Fair Trade’ products. In 2004, the retail market for organic products in the UK was worth an estimated ? 1. 213 billion, and 11% increase on 2003, (Soil Association’s Organic Market Report, 2005). This notion is backed up by Mintel, â€Å"In most of the consumer research we carry out around a quarter of consumers are concerned about green matters, seek out fair trade products or healthy ranges of foods. That is a substantial proportion of the customer base of any food retailer and so cannot be ignored† (UK retail briefing-Household goods focus, 2006). Genetically Modified & Organic Food A genetically modified (GM) food is a food product that has been developed by having specific genes inserted into it to gain a desirable quality. The first GM food to hit the shelves were GM tomatoes which appeared in 1996 in British supermarkets, however, it was not until 1999 that the public scare hit. In a recent survey, one third of people said they would never buy any food that had been genetically modified. This figure is up by four percent in three years, quite a significant amount (attitudes toward ethical foods UK- Mintel, 2006). This provides an opportunity for marketers operating in the food sector, for example a business could promote itself as environmentally aware by claiming they sell only non-GM produce. This would give them the advantage of reassuring worried consumers whilst providing them with the upper hand against firms who do sell GM foods. Another benefit is that there are a large proportion of middle and upper class consumers who are generally aware about the issues related to genetic modification and organic food. This perhaps opens opportunities to price products at the more expensive end of the market, as they are likely to pay more if the food meets their expectations. Organic food products are becoming increasingly popular due to the ever-increasing awareness of health issues, media campaigns from the large supermarket chains and endorsements from celebrity chefs. To meet these changes in consumer needs, all of the leading supermarket chains have introduced organic ranges in their stores. There is also the fear in the UK for the future of the ? fast food games console’ children, (P. Tailor, http://www. learnmarketing. net/environment. htm) which provides a direct market opportunity for healthier food products. If a firm specialises only in selling organic produce they would be able to advantage of these opportunities. A recent example of this is innocent drinks, selling the innocent brand of ?smoothies’. They began with a simple investment of ? 500, selling freshly made smoothies at a music festival and now command a 30% slice of a market with a retail value of about ? 50m, (Market Researchers AC Nielsen, 2003). A problem is that these organisations need to aim their products at the right market. Traditionally it has been consumers in the middle and upper classes who have been buying organic food, however there is â€Å"an encouraging widening of the appeal? with over half those in lower income groups now saying they buy some organic products† (Soil Association Press Release, 2005). This implies that there could be an opportunity at trying to offer cheaper organic produce marketed towards the lower end of the income scale. Even if the price is similar to other organic goods, it could be advertised to show the direct benefits of the food to help consumers justify spending more money for organic produce. ?Fair Trade’ Products Fair trade is a relatively new, organized social movement that promotes equal standards for international labour, environmentalism and social policy in the areas related to the production of ? Fair Trade’ goods. This is another rapidly growing section of the food market that is providing a good opportunity for marketers, reporting a massive increase of around 20% a year (FINE, 2005) and now standing at a market value of ? 660 million. The movement has also benefited from increasing media interest, which means that any unethical behaviour or employee exploitation could lead to a massive amount of bad publicity. It is clear that to promote a good brand image in today’s food market, an organisation should look to be aware to fair trade issues. The possible opportunity here lies in the current range of fair trade products that are on the market. At the moment the main products in fair trade ranges are goods such as fruit, nut products, chocolate and coffee; this means there could be a demand for products in other categories, like meat products or even fair trade drinks. This wider range of fair trade products could give a business a unique selling point, as well as providing them with a strong ethical stance. Perhaps there would even be a chance to use the pressure groups or charities that are involved with fair trade to the organisation’s advantage. Marketers could combine the selling of fair trade goods with holding events to raise awareness of unfair trade issues. If they could gain the backing of charities such as Oxfam or trade networks like the European Fair Trade Association, there would be loots of opportunities to raise their brand awareness, thus increasing sales. Local Produce Environmentally aware consumers are increasingly favouring local produce. Over 100 years ago nearly all the food we ate come from within 20 miles of our homes but now we would struggle to find a handful of locally produced goods in our supermarkets (Inside Out ?East, January 2003). This may not seem as an obvious environmental issue but the problem lies within the transport that must take place to move food products around the UK and the world. A massive 25% of trucks on the UK roads are carrying food products; this means that almost as much greenhouse gas is caused by moving food than by all power stations in the UK (Inside Out ? East, January 2003). Importing products from overseas also causes pollution issues, a large proportion of lamb sold in the UK comes from New Zealand and the same is true for potatoes from Israel. Perhaps there is an opportunity for UK organisations to source their food products locally. A business doing this would be able to promote their policies in pollution reduction whilst also promoting an investment in local farmers. This should help massively in obtaining local market share but it may not be possible to source many food products in certain areas, however, any attempt to reduce the massive pollution caused by transport would offer a strong selling point. It is important to note for firms looking to take advantage of the increasing consumer awareness that there can be problems. Shops focusing on only selling Organic, Fair trade and local produce are generally small in size and very specialist. If they are seen to have a very successful idea it is highly likely that the major supermarket chains will try and imitate it with their greater resources. This would be very serious competition and should be considered if a business is considering in solely selling goods to the environmentally aware consumers. There is also the chance of certain barriers to enter into these specialist markets; one of these is the established competitor. Organisations like the Co-op have already been long-term supporters of fair trade. Another likely problem is the increased scrutiny that a business will face when ? announcing’ themselves to be environmentally aware. If a business declares to be environmentally aware and is then seen to be doing damage, it would most likely cause significant financial damage. How can Marketing help in ethical terms? The most obvious way in which marketers can help in ethical terms is by increasing consumer awareness in the issues that are troubling the food market today. A way to do this would be to create simple promotion campaigns where the benefits of organic food or local produce are shown clearly to the consumer. An example of this could be Sainsbury’s TV advertising campaign fronted by Jamie Oliver showing the re-launched ? Taste the Difference’ range. They have removed all artificial flavours or colourings, stopped using hydrogenated fats and only using free-range eggs and UK-sourced meat, (The Guardian, October 2006) combined with the links Jamie Oliver has to health awareness and has lead to a very effective campaign. Another way that marketers can help consumers is to make sure that the packaging of a product follows environmental awareness and ethical issues. Firstly the packaging of a product should be recyclable and reduced to a minimum, in fact there should be ? reminder to recycle’ on all products that have recyclable packaging. Secondly the labelling of products needs to display the relevant health and environmental information clearly. Tesco have implemented the traffic light system to show the qualities of a product at a quick glance. Customers can see by the colour of the light whether or not the product is considered healthy, which is determined by the fat, calorie and salt content. Likewise it could be possible to put small sections of information on fair trade products to show the benefits to the producers that fair trade has. If there was a greater knowledge by the average consumer it might lead fair trade food products to become standard, opposed to the current niche that they are filling, providing social benefits like reducing the global poverty gap. It is also important for the labelling and packaging on a product to not be misleading. If a food product clearly meets organic food standards then it should be labelled as organic; likewise anything that is not produced locally or is not organic should be labelled correctly. Recently there have been reports of Supermarkets putting pressure on organic food watchdogs to lower standards so they can fully exploit the industry, (The Guardian, October 2006). It has been stated â€Å"there are lots of loopholes in the regulations and in practice these are being heavily exploited† and that â€Å"Organics is increasingly becoming industrialised and the consumer will one day wake up and see this stuff is not what they think it is†, (L. Woodward, former head of The Soil Association). It is clear that marketers need to stay fair and honest to ensure that the supermarkets are unable to lobby together and reduce the standards. Perhaps a stance could be taken by one of the supermarket chains to actually support the stricter guidelines, even if it might close the exploitative opportunities. A possible way to encourage people further to buy organic or fair trade products would be to offer promotions involved with the purchase of these goods. Supermarkets could easily offer their customers a larger number of store reward points when the sale takes place, or even try to focus BOGOF deals and price reductions to these product ranges. I would recommend that promotions where the customer gets one fair trade product for half price when two organic products are purchased should be implemented. Linking the product ranges might help encapsulate some of the organic aware consumers into purchasing fair trade products or locally sourced goods and vice versa. A new concept that has been introduced to counter the issue of transportation pollution is food miles; the basis of this revolves around a label on food products stating how far the product had to be transported to reach the supermarket. Marketers could use this function to show customers that products are contributing heavier to pollution. It would also aid in educating consumers into seeing which products should be purchased at seasonal times to minimise transport. If you were looking to purchase strawberries in the winter they would have travelled a long distance to reach the UK, possibly highlighting this fact would teach some consumers to eat more ? seasonally’. The new more socially aware consumer is presenting big opportunities to the major food retailers due to the growing markets in organic food. These opportunities can conflict with what would be considered ethically considerable, especially the issue with organic food appealing to the higher end of the market thus leading to the possibility of keeping prices high. Of course it is best for environment and consumers if the prices are kept lower on organic food so everyone can eat healthier. Perhaps the supermarkets should consider lowering their margins on organic food and making it back on more price inelastic goods such as alcohol or cigarettes. It is clear however that organisations should be careful in deciding which opportunities to take advantage of as their actions could possibly have negative repercussions like consumer cynicism, leading to consumer cynicism. Although if marketers are able to promote these ethical issues and increase public awareness whilst still maintaining profit growth, the potential benefits for everyone are great. Bibliography ?Soil Association (2005) â€Å"Organic Market Report 2005† ?Soil Association (2005) â€Å"Soil Association Press Release†? FINE (2005) â€Å"Fair Trade in Europe 2005: Facts and Figures on Fair Trade in 25 European countries† ? Mintel (2006) â€Å"UK retail briefing – Household goods focus ? Mintel (2006) â€Å"Attitudes toward ethical foods in the UK† ?P. Tailor, Learnmarketing. net/environment. htm ?AC Nielsen (2003) Market Research ?BBC. co. uk/insideout/east/series2/local_produce_organic_healthy_eating. shtml ? Laville. S & Vidal. J (2006) â€Å"Supermarkets accused over organic foods†, The Guardian, October 5th.

Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications

Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications BIS/320 Amazon has made a business of selling a variety media types while also making the reselling of the same media an attractive option. What better way to regain in part what you spent on media interests than to resell it and have money to put towards the next interest. As of 2004 Amazon began running the Linux operating system across the board. Amazon then became one of the largest and well known companies running the Linux operating system.As one of the largest ecommerce centered businesses with a large global customer base with high expectations of constant expansion. Currently, it is known that Amazon is running Linux servers â€Å"Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), had close to half-a-million servers already running on a Red Hat Linux variant (Vaughn, 2012). † At this time â€Å"Amazon has never officially said what it's running as EC2's base operating system, it's generally accepted that it's a customized ve rsion of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). (Vaughn, 2012)† In addition Amazon uses Xen hypervisor as host to the Linux system for virtual machines.Solaris; OpenSolaris; FreeBSD and NetBSD and Windows 2003 and 2008 are additional virtual machine instances. The multiple operating services that Amazon is currently using assist with meeting the high demand of users that browse and purchase from their sites. In using their cloud technology, EC2, it is also possible that not all information will be stored at any specific location, but is easily accessible to anyone within the company to access it. With Linux gaining popularity this will ultimately become beneficial to Amazon in their continual global expansion goals.Hardware are electrical mechanisms that is physically connected to your computer such as an electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software (Kroenke, 2012). The Amazo n-to-buyer operating system is quite simple and uses a variety of input and output in comparison with various office based business. A difference will be the amount that is actually used verses an output or input device. The individual consumer at home using their computer will initiate the process by registering as a user , followed by inputting heir shipping and billing information which will be stored by the website’s servers. The consumer’s computer is considered the input device and the server is a storage device. Once a purchase has occurred the website will use the stored information to input the customer’s credit card information into a card reader which automatically debits the funds from the customer’s account. Card readers and scanners are widely used input devices (Kroenke, 2012). Most output devices are located at various individual merchants that use Amazon to sell their goods. Each having a database that show pending orders inputted through Amazon.These merchants will use their printers to document the order and locate the desired merchandise. Once the merchandise is located, information is then sent to the shipping department. Versatile shipping options like UPS, Fed Ex, or the U. S. Postal service are available and output devices will print things such as the bill of lading; the inventory of the packaged goods and the shipping labels with the previously entered customer’s shipping information on it. Once delivered, the merchandise is scanned via another input device called a barcode scanner.This information is then relayed to the merchant who reports a successful delivery to Amazon. A confirmation email will be sent to the customer confirming their transaction is complete. If desired the consumer can give their input on the Amazon experience via their home based computer. Amazon’s Founder and Chiefy Executive Office outlines the companies business objectives as: Increase Sales, promote the brand, creat e a loyal customer base and fiscal strength. By expanding each operational goal its gives a better understand on how the operating systems contribute to Amazon’s objective.Sales can be defined as making sure the customer gets what he wants, but also feeding in to the psychology of impulse buying. Impulse purchases can be promoted through an application Amazon employs, called the Dash. When conducting a search for a particular item the results of that search offer not only the item itself, but also similar items. There is also a feature that shows the customer what other customers, who have order this particular item of interest, have also purchased. Promotional brand occurred during Amazon’s Kindle was launched.In 2005 Bezos believed that â€Å"every book ever written in any language will be available (to the enduser) in less than sixty seconds†. (Bezos, 2009). The edict issued that the demarcation between Kindle, the device and Kindle the service be seamless to the enduser. In the four years that followed, sales have exceeded budgetary expectations. The e-mail feedback from customers is strongly positive with 26% of customer e-mails containing the word â€Å"love†. Amazon has positioned itself prominently on search engine sites so a pattern match of only a few letters will bring Amazon to the forefront.Amazon itself has become a search engine of sorts, which many people use for pricing items being considered for purchase. The brand has made Amazon not only a shopping site, but also a reference guide for benchmarking other purchases. Bezos defines customer loyalty as encouraging his staff to be â€Å"obsessed over our customers†. The computer applications used for tracking purchases as well as shipping allows customer service representatives to assist dissatisfied customers and get them to a satisfactory result. References Kroenke, D. M. (2012). MIS Essentials (2nd ed. ). : Pearson Education Thorp J. Feb 99), The Information Paradox, Retrieved from http://www. amazon. com/Information-Paradox-Realizing-Business-Technology/dp Vaughn, S. (2012, March 16). Amazon's EC2 cloud is made up of almost half-a-million servers. ZDNet. Retrieved from http://www. zdnet. com/blog/open-source/amazon-ec2-cloud-is-made-up-of-almost-half-a-million-linux-servers/10620 | Operating Systems| Horizontal-Market Applications| Vertical-Market Applications| One-of-a-Kind Market Applications| Example| Linnux, Eucalyptus(cloud), OpenStack(cloud),EC2 and Red Hat Linux†¦ for starters| | | | Description of how it is used| | | | |Typical user| Amazon draws its users from anyone that can operate a computer and has an internet connection. | | | | Advantages| Easy to use; large amounts of information can be accessed without incorporating mass amounts of storage on a single server with cloud technology; accessibility to data from any location with cloud technology. | | | | Disadvantages| Even though Amazon continues to hire developers b andwidth is still and issue. People lose data. With such a broad base of people with the ability to browse and purchase products it poses a security issue regarding

The Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Reconstruction - Essay Example There were many challenges in the period trying to safeguard rights for African Americans leading to passage of various Acts and constitutional Amendments to guide the process. However, the aim of this paper is to compare the presidential and congressional Reconstruction and to develop a 3-point plan for Reconstruction which would have been more successful than the other plans. The main difference between presidential and congress plans was that the presidential plans were very lenient to the confederates contrary to what Radical Republicans expected. The Congressional Acts and Amendments were very stringent aimed at punishing the rebel states and especially the people in high ranks during the war. The 10% plan by Lincoln entailed pardoning those who swore allegiance to the union as well as the US constitution (Franklin 16). New governments were to be formed using new constitution and abolishment of slavery was a necessity for readmission to the union. Just like Lincoln, Johnson†™s plan was even more lenient. It involved pardoning those who took loyalty oaths except high ranking confederate political and military leaders (Ferrell 27). Though Republican and a Southerner by birth, Johnson loathed the wealthy planters as he believed they are the ones who led the secession of south. Those with property worth more than $ 20,000 were thus not allowed to take loyalty oaths and this meant they couldn’t hold public offices or vote. However, he did not address the plight of Freedmen giving room for southerners to establish Black Codes to limit black rights. Those states which created new governments were readmitted to the union on condition that they abolished slavery. The congressional plan was very radical. Republicans wanted to confiscate land of rebels and divide it among the Freedmen and the Freedmen bureau was entrusted with that task. The congress also refused to accept those elected from former confederate states in the congress especially former hig h ranking officers. The congress unlike Johnson was bent on securing rights and citizenship for former slaves thus passed the Civil Rights Act in 1866 that gave blacks equality under the law and due process of law. It also extended the life of Freedmen’s Bureau and overturned the Black Codes. To further black rights, the congress entrenched these rights in the constitution by passing the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the constitution. Fourteenth Amendment gave citizenship to freedmen, equal protection of law and due process of law. It was passed in 1868 and stated â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the U.S and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of U.S and of state wherein they reside† (Foner 251). The Fifteenth Amendment of 1870 gave blacks suffrage and stated â€Å"the right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (Ferrell 41). However , it did not guarantee voting as states could still deny blacks right to vote based on other criteria such as poll tax. Besides, gangs like Ku Klux Klan could not allow to them to vote thus unleashed terror on them. States had to ratify both amendments to be readmitted to the union. Besides the two amendments, the congress also devised Reconstruction Acts in 1867 to act as its plan for Reconstruction. Under these four acts, the remaining ten former confederate states which had not ratified the fourteenth Amendment

You are required to evaluate the role of finance director in an Essay

You are required to evaluate the role of finance director in an organisation of your choice - Essay Example ere are specific roles of finance directors such as strategic planning of financial future of organizations, overseeing and ensuring proper controls within the organization and making sound financial decisions such as investment decisions. This essay explains and evaluates a detail official description of the role of finance director in McDonald and comparison of the description to that found in at least three different job adverts. According to Sawers (2009), Finance director at McDonald provides insight across all business functions and works closely with other finance related departments especially marketing and supply chain and further supports the company’s franchisees by building projection tools. Finance director advices on financing options, optimizes business plans, sets, and monitors financial and other targets (Sawers, 2014). Finance directors ensures rigorous project management discipline and works closely with product and marketing teams to finance the launch of activities and further evaluates, measures and monitors performance against financial and other targets. Finance department is at the heart of McDonald Company, incorporating many functions that go beyond its traditional financial reporting role. McDonald’s Finance director ensures that the organization maximizes its strategic abilities by shifting the emphasis of their accounting and finance functions to integrate evaluation of past performance and appraisal of future opportunities (Ionescu, 2010). McDonald uses integrated accounting and finance function that extends from the restaurant floor up to the board of directors and every individual subsidiary restaurant is structured as an independent business responsible for its financial performance (Sawers, 2009). Finance director therefore oversees financial performance of individual McDonald restaurants across the world and further ensures that centralized Accounting and Finance functions are undertaken. Moreover, McDonald’s Finance

Benefits of Assessment Centers for Organizations Research Paper

Benefits of Assessment Centers for Organizations - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the commonest application of assessment is in measuring management employees’ performance, especially for interpersonal competencies. The assessment centers help determine the specific competencies in an individual employee through a series of techniques and methods that include both individual and group activities. The assessors determine an individual’s performance against other employees. Many analysts affirm that assessment centers are very effective in measurement interpersonal skills. An assessment center puts employees through work-like conditions involving individual and team activities and tests that offer the best simulation of real work situations for monitoring and measurement of key competencies. Assessment centers are critical in determining the competency of employees. Competency is a broad term referring to a set of skills, knowledge, individual behaviors and how they auger with the job specification of th e employee under consideration. The interplay of factors in every employee is critical for the overall success of the organization. In addition, assessment centers help organizations to determine the most important skillsets for the organization with regard to the management. For instance, an employee’s willingness to delegate, works in a team, take risks, and take personal initiative. Assessment centers are also great in selecting employees who can provide the best performance for particular jobs. The organization can therefore choose employees for jobs that are most fitting and improve the organizational performance. An assessment center also aids in developing and identifying fresh potential for the organization’s top supervisory jobs (Boehm, 1982), particularly in cases where other methods fail, given its superior ability to reveal an employee’s interpersonal skills. Finally, an assessment center helps identify competencies needing further development and co nsequently help in appraising of employees, which can help in career development. This report analyzes assessment center as an assessment tool and examines its implementation considerations for an organization. A description of the Assessment Center Approach A number of factors, which articulate its goal, underlie the assessment center approach to measuring organizational performance. For an organization to implement an effective assessment center, it needs to identify the competencies necessary for its future employees (Rupp & Reynolds, 2009). In addition, the management has to come up with means to determine the competencies that the current employees possess. Finally, one of the most vital phases in the overall design of the assessment center is the identification of competencies gap, and the eventual process of developing means of bridging this gap. By identifying gaps in an individual’s set of competencies, the organization can help nurture these skills in employees to i mprove their performance, for instance with regard to knowledge and skills. Implementing an Assessment Center for the Organization A number of factors come into play before an organization can effectively implement an assessment center. First, the organization has to find appropriate and experienced raters to conduct the assessment. According to Coffee (2005), in the industrial settings, 3 to 6 assessors assess 6 to 12 candidates over a period of 3 days. Secondly, the organization has to identify an all-encompassing set of assessment techniques, which ensure that the assessment goes on successfully and comprehensively covers all areas of relevance in the study. Normally, the assessment methods are either written or oral. The written exercises include in-basket

Segmented Marketing and Branding Big Mac Research Paper

Segmented Marketing and Branding Big Mac - Research Paper Example This paper focuses upon Big Mac, a hamburger which was introduced by McDonald’s in Pennsylvania in the year 1967 with a selling price of 45 cents. It was promulgated on a national scale in 1968. The burger was created to contend with Big Boy sandwich, a similar type of item with a bread slice in between with the purpose of holding together the stuffing and averting spill out. Over the years, it has become a signature product of the company with an exceptional brand name. It consists of two layers of beef patties merged with molten cheese and mouth watering sauce along with an onion and munch of pickle, served together in a delicious three division sesame seed bun. Iceberg Lettuce is also a core ingredient of the burger. The Big Mac is popular all over the world and is often regarded as an icon of American capitalism. In fact, the Big Mac Index is used as an indicative factor for contrasting the cost of living in countries around the world since its availability is common. This index is also considered to be Burgernomics. There exist several branding theories which identify brand as a unique feature of value proposition of a company. A branding promotion initiates with the development of a value proposition and relies on inspired apparatus along with a combination of consistency, continuity and commitment. The brand of Big Mac, ever since its establishment, has not looked back. It has been able to build its reputation not only in the United States but across 119 countries in the world. The brand of Big Mac is not just a name or a symbol. It has become a vital component of the relationship which McDonald’s has established with its consumers. For the consumers of McDonald’s in general, Big Mac, as a brand, has set its place in the hearts and minds of the consumers. For any brand, its real value exists in its ability and power to retain customer’s brand loyalty by influencing their preferences. The brand strategy of Big Mac has been so s uccessful that it has been thriving in the market as the leading hamburger choice for quite sometime. Being a powerful brand in its own domain, the brand equity of Big Mac is significant. It has been able to develop a positive differential effect upon its consumers and consequently, create a value for itself among people in different continents. McDonald’s have always made use of Big Mac’s classical taste and enriched quality in setting up its Brand Positioning. In this manner, the company has been able to devise such a competitive combination attributes, benefits, beliefs and values for the brand Big Mac that they have been able to develop the image of it in the minds of their consumers in the manner in which they wanted. Likewise, another core brand strategy